秸秆还田下不同氮肥处理对玉米生长发育的影响

通过对秸秆还田条件下6个氮肥处理对玉米生长发育的研究,探讨氮肥对玉米农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明:在秸秆还田条件下,处理3的干物质、经济系数及产量性状在6个处理中表现最好,产量达9 027 kg·hm~(-2),而且比同一施肥水平秸秆不还田的产量高4.7%,说明合理的轮作制度配合秸秆还田是一项值得推广的技术模式。     

膜下秸秆还田添加腐解剂对旱地土壤碳氮积累及土壤肥力性状的影响

探索全膜双垄膜下秸秆还田添加腐解剂对旱地耕层土壤碳氮积累及土壤肥力性状的影响。2015-2017年在甘肃省农业科学院庄浪试验站,实施了以常规种植(CP)、常规种植+秸秆还田(CP_S)、常规种植+秸秆还田+腐解剂(CP_SD)、全膜双垄种植(FMRF)、全膜双垄种植+秸秆还田(FMRF_S)和全膜双垄种植+秸秆还田+腐解剂(FMRF_SD)为处理的田间定位试验。测定了耕层0~30 cm土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)和速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、土壤容重(BD)和土壤pH,计算了耕层秸秆固存率(CSE)和碳氮积累量。结果表明,FMRF_SD通过改善水热环境协同秸秆微生物腐解剂生产增效作用,加速了还田秸秆腐解与养分释放,产生的有机物抵消了土壤有机氮矿化损失,释放的养分补充了作物生长对土壤养分的消耗;改善后的水热肥条件又促进作物旺盛生长,使更多的有机物(落叶、根茬)回归土壤,从而显著促进了耕层SOC和TN的积累、提高了土壤TN、TP、TK和AN、AP、AK的含量,尤其是显著提高AP和AK的含量(P<0.05)。与CP比,FMRF_SD 3年累计固存了41.17%的秸秆碳, 耕层年均增加SOC和TN贮量0.79 mg C·hm^-2和0.04 mg N·hm^-2;使耕层TN、TP、TK和AN、AP、AK 含量提高了0.05、0.03、3.05 g·kg^-1和10.80、8.90、101.50 mg·kg^-1,相应地增加了6.87%、6.94%、15.28%、10.24%、56.69%、55.34%。同时,FMRF_SD使土壤BD和pH值分别降低了3.9%和0.2%。土壤碳氮贮量、氮磷钾养分含量的增加以及土壤BD和pH 值的降低,增加了土壤供肥能力、改善了土壤结构和性状,从而显著提高了肥力。因此,FMRF_SD是适合当地的最有效的农田碳氮库土壤肥力管理模式。     

In vitro effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism in rat embryos

Glucose is utilized for oxidation and synthesis of various lipids in cultured rat embryos. The present experiment examined the effect of insulin on the incorporation of glucose into lipid fractions in rat embryos in vitro . Embryos at the 2-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst stages were incubated for 5 h in hamster embryo culture medium (HECM)-1 containing ¹⁴C-glucose and 170 nmol/L insulin, or in HECM-1 containing only ¹⁴C-glucose, and the oxidation of glucose in these embryos was examined. In addition, the total lipids of blastocysts were separated by thin layer chromatography and the radioactivity of the separated lipid fractions was measured. Oxidation of glucose was significantly increased after insulin treatment compared with that without insulin treatment in 8-cell embryos and blastocysts ( P  < 0.05), but not in 2-cell embryos. Incorporation of glucose into lipids in blastocysts was significantly lowered by insulin treatment compared with that without insulin treatment ( P  < 0.05). Most of the radioactivity was recovered from triacylglycerols of blastocysts and the remaining radioactivity was found in other neutral lipids and phospholipids. We conclude that insulin accelerates the utilization for oxidation of glucose and inhibits the storage of triacylglycerols in rat blastocysts.     

过氧化氢酶-氯霉素偶联物的合成及其结合比的测定

利用混合酸酐法合成了氯霉素琥珀酸酯衍生物，再用碳二亚胺将该衍生物与过氧化氢酶偶联，用紫外分光光度法测定已纯化的偶联物中氯霉素与过氧化氢酶的结合比。结果，偶联物中氯霉素与过氧化氢酶的结合比达到30．67：1，偶联物中过氧化氢酶的活性损失约30%。结果表明，该偶联物可作为竞争性ELISA法或免疫传感器法测试氯霉素时所需的酶标抗原。     

Influence of straw management, nitrogen fertilization and dosage rates on the dissipation of five sulfonylureas in soil

The dissipation behaviour of metsulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron were studied in soil following post-emergence spring applications to cereal crops. Incorporation or removal of straw and different fertilizer applications had no influence on the disappearance time (DT₅₀) of the herbicides. However, in laboratory trials dissipation of metsulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and amidosulfuron at higher application rates was accelerated after incorporation of straw into the soil. The addition of straw decreases soil pH thereby causing faster hydrolysis of the compounds. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer increased the half-lives (t_1/2) of the herbicides. Combination of both straw and N fertilizer, however, had no effect. Neither straw nor N influenced the degradation of tribenuron-methyl and thifensulfuron-methyl.
The DT₅₀ of all herbicides investigated varied from 6 to 17 days in the field trials. Except for amidosulfuron, herbicides could not be detected 38–68 days after application. In the laboratory, t_1/2 values were higher than those in the field at 75 days (amidosulfuron), 63 days (metsulfuron-methyl), 35 days (triasulfuron) and 13 days (tribenuron-methyl). Only the t_1/2 of thifensulfuron-methyl was at 29 h faster under laboratory conditions. T_1/2 values of all herbicides were influenced by their initial concentration. The t_1/2 values of amidosulfuron and tribenuron-methyl at 1 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ soil were 2–2.5 times higher than at the recommended field application rate of 42 μg a.i. kg⁻¹ soil.     

Measurement of ammonia volatilization loss using a dynamic chamber technique: A case study of surface-incorporated manure and ammonium sulfate in an upland field of light-colored Andosol

The present study aimed to elucidate ammonia (NH₃) volatilization loss following surface incorporation (0–15 cm mixing depth) of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in an upland field of light-colored Andosol in central Japan. A dynamic chamber technique was used to measure the NH₃ effluxes. Poultry manure, pelleted poultry manure, cattle manure, pelleted cattle manure and ammonium sulfate were used as N fertilizers for basal fertilization to a bare soil with surface incorporation. All three experiments in summer and autumn 2007 and in summer 2008 showed negligible NH₃ volatilization losses following the application of all N fertilizers with the same application rate of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ as total N; these negligible losses were primarily ascribed to chemical properties of the soil, that is, its high cation exchange capacity (283 mmol_c kg⁻¹ dry soil) and relatively low pH(H₂O) (5.9). In addition, the surface incorporation, the very small ratio of ammoniacal N to total N for the manure, and the decrease in soil pH to ≤5.5 following applications of ammonium sulfate were also advantageous to the inhibition of NH₃ volatilization loss from the field-applied N fertilizers.     

机械化稻草全量还田对水稻产量和土壤碳库管理指数的影响

通过设置不施肥、单施化肥、稻草烧灰还田+化肥和稻草全量还田+化肥4个处理的大田定位试验,在氮、磷和钾养分相等条件下研究稻草全量还田对双季水稻产量和土壤碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,晚稻稻草全量还田有利于提高翌年早稻产量,较单施化肥与稻草烧灰还田相比,增幅3.4%～4.3%,而晚稻产量稻草全量还田处理与单施化肥基本持平,却显著低于稻草烧灰还田处理;与单施化肥和稻草烧灰还田相比,稻草全量还田提高了土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数,活性碳、矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了5.93%～7.87%、27.14%～67.55%和11.41%～21.49%。相关分析表明,土壤碳库管理指数与双季早、晚稻产量呈显著抛物线关系(r=0.982 9*和r=0.982 8*)。     

稻草还田和易地还土对红壤丘陵农田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

 【目的】探讨稻草还田和易地还土对红壤丘陵水田和旱地土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的影响。【方法】以红壤丘陵区长期定位点坡旱地和水旱轮作地为研究对象,选取3个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和稻草配施氮磷肥（S+NP）,对试验6年来的数据进行分析。【结果】与初始值相比,坡旱地NPK和S+NP处理在前4年内土壤有机碳（SOC）明显增加,平均增幅分别为14.6%和36.2%,此后波动较小;微生物量碳（MBC）总体保持增加趋势,NPK和S+NP处理显著高于CK,平均增幅分别为16.1%和33.5%;溶解有机碳（DOC）保持逐年增加,处理间差异不显著。水旱轮作地各处理土壤有机碳6年内基本保持稳定,但NPK和CK处理均低于初始值;MBC总体亦具有增加趋势,S+NP处理明显高于CK,平均增幅为 14.2%,但NPK处理低于CK;DOC后期出现降低趋势,且NPK和S+NP处理均低于CK。【结论】与单施化肥相比,稻草还田和易地还土均能明显提高土壤SOC和MBC含量,但稻草易地还土的效果更为显著,并在短期内表现明显。土壤溶解有机碳对施肥的响应较差,耕作时间较短的坡旱地土壤溶解有机碳含量明显高于耕作时间较长的水旱轮作地。     

麦秸还田对土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响

 【目的】探讨麦秸秆还田对水稻土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响及其相互关系。【方法】粳稻扬粳9538种植于大田,进行了麦秸还田与不还田、实地氮肥管理（SSNM）和农民习惯施肥法（FFP）等处理,观察了秸秆还田后水稻不同生长阶段的土壤pH值、有机酸含量、呼吸速率、土壤酶活性及土壤离子的变化动态。【结果】秸秆的腐解高峰在水稻生长的第1个月,土壤中有机酸含量在分蘖中期及穗分化期明显上升;土壤脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性表现为先升后降,而碱性磷酸酶活性则表现为双峰曲线的变化规律。秸秆还田后土壤pH值明显降低,有机酸含量增加,并且两者之间呈极显著的负相关关系,土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶及碱性磷酸酶活性增强,土壤全磷、可溶性钾含量明显上升,但Na+、Mg2+及Ca2+含量降低,土壤中酶活性和离子含量的升降与土壤中秸秆的腐解有关。秸秆还田增加了水稻成熟时土壤有机质含量及呼吸强度。与实地氮肥管理（SSNM）相比,农民习惯施肥法（FFP）处理增加了土壤中脲酶活性,对其它指标无显著性影响。土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷及全钾含量呈极显著正相关,土壤过氧化氢酶及土壤有机质与全氮呈正相关,与全磷、全钾相关不显著。【结论】秸秆还田能够增强土壤有机质含量与土壤酶活性,降低土壤中Na+、Mg2+及Ca2+含量,提高土壤肥力。     

麦秸还田与实地氮肥管理对直播水稻生长的影响

大田直播粳稻品种扬粳9538,设置麦秸还田与不还田、不施氮肥、习惯施肥法(FFP)和基于叶绿素仪(SPAD)测定值的实地氮肥管理(SSNM)处理。结果表明,SSNM的氮肥施用量较FFP减少30.0%~31.3%,产量较FFP平均增加7.61%,施氮区秸秆还田的产量较秸秆未还田的平均增加2.65%。与秸秆未还田或FFP相比,秸秆还田和SSNM降低生育前期的分蘖数、叶面积指数和干物质积累,但抽穗及以后各处理间差异较小。秸秆还田增加了叶片中有机酸含量,增大了田间昼夜温湿度差;秸秆还田和SSNM处理提高了茎蘖成穗率与ATP酶活性,增加了结实期叶片的光合速率以及根系活力,有利于直播水稻生育后期群体的光合生产和提高物质生产效率。对秸秆还田和SSNM的产量和生育特性进行了讨论。